CARS & CHEMICALS

Office on Disability

2009-06-07T01:50:00.000-07:00

Section 508 Update
Acknowledgement: Office of Equal Employment and Diversity Management, FDA

The goal of the Section 508 law (part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, amended in 1998) is to reduce electronic and information technology barriers experienced by people with disabilities. Under this law, the Federal Government is required to purchase and deploy new IT and other electronic products that are accessible or compatible with assistive technology used by people with disabilities.

In a memo to all HHS employees dated August 30, 2001, Secretary Thompson called this law an exciting opportunity to help close the digital divide for individuals with disabilities in America.

"Section 508 affects every employee within the Department, not just those who work with technology or procurement. Every HHS employee has a collective responsibility for compliance with Section 508's mandate to make our information accessible to individuals with disabilities. This means that HHS employees must take proactive actions to ensure that all electronic and information technology developed, procured, maintained, or used, and all new or revised information made available on the Internet and Intranet meet the new accessibility standards."

The accessibility standards provide technology access to members of the public and Federal employees who have disabilities. Lawsuits may be filed in federal court or administrative complaints may be filed with Agencies or the Department of Justice for non-compliance with the law.

Even if you don't currently have any employees with disabilities working within your office, someone may soon be hired who has a disability, or through an illness or accident someone within your staff may become disabled while on the job. In these cases, assistive technology related accommodations for staff can be obtained on a case by case basis via the Department of Defense's Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program1 and additional services are available via the USDA's TARGET Center (on-site assessments and demonstrations of assistive technology).

Synopsis of Section 508 Accessibility Requirements

2009-06-07T01:48:00.001-07:00

Synopsis of Section 508 Accessibility Requirements
Section 508 requires Federal agencies to ensure that individuals with disabilities who are members of the public or Federal employees have access to and use of electronic and information technology (EIT) that is comparable to that provided to individuals without disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency. The requirements of Section 508 apply to an agency's procurement of EIT, as well as the agency's development, maintenance, or use of EIT.

Although Federal agencies have an explicit statutory obligation to make all electronic and information technology (EIT) that they develop, procure, maintain, or use compliant with Section 508, individuals may only file complaints or lawsuits to enforce Section 508's requirements with respect to EIT systems procured or deployed on or after June 21, 2001. Learn more at FAR Final Rule. The Section 508 requirements do not apply retroactively to pre-existing EIT. However, as agencies upgrade and change their electronic and information technology, they must comply with the standards. Specifically, the Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards: Economic Assessment states that:

"The standards are to be applied prospectively and do not require Federal agencies to retrofit existing electronic and information technology. As agencies upgrade and change their electronic and information technology, they must comply with the standards."

It should be noted, however, that Federal agencies have additional responsibilities under Section 501 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. These Sections require that agencies provide reasonable accommodation to employees with disabilities and provide program access to members of the public with disabilities and take other actions necessary to prevent discrimination on the basis of disability in their programs.

Animal Health Literacy

2009-06-07T01:34:00.000-07:00

The Animal Health Literacy Campaign meanstimely information for the benefit ofall animals and their humans...With continuous communication and outreach,CVM strives to enhance the public trust,promote safe and effective useof the animal health products we regulate,and share our scientific endeavors.CVM provides reliable, science-based informationto promote animal and human health.
-

Accessibility

2009-06-07T01:30:00.000-07:00

Accessibility
Overview
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is committed to making its Web sites accessible to the widest possible audience, including individuals with disabilities. In keeping with its mission, FDA complies by implementing the regulations of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act and the HHS Secretary's Section 508 Implementation Policy.

Public guidance on creating 508 compliant documents for FDA's website
FDA is committed to making content accessible to everyone. If your are submitting a presentation or document to the FDA, please review the guidance for formatting your documents properly for FDA, and assisting our efforts in equivalent access and transparency.
Guide for creating accessible documents for FDA

For Alternate Access to Web Information
At this time, all FDA information should be accessible via screen readers and other accessibility tools with the exception of some pre-2001 information, Dockets, and some technical documents. This information may not be available in accessible formats.
If you need an alternative means of access to any information on the FDA Web site please contact us. Let us know the nature of your accessibility problem, the Web address of the requested information, and your contact information.
If you need to convert PDF documents, Adobe® offers conversion tools at its Accessibility Resource Center.

Synopsis of Section 508 Accessibility Requirements
Section 508 requires Federal agencies to ensure that individuals with disabilities who are members of the public or Federal employees have access to and use of electronic and information technology (EIT) that is comparable to that provided to individuals without disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency. The requirements of Section 508 apply to an agency's procurement of EIT, as well as the agency's development, maintenance, or use of EIT.
Although Federal agencies have an explicit statutory obligation to make all electronic and information technology (EIT) that they develop, procure, maintain, or use compliant with Section 508, individuals may only file complaints or lawsuits to enforce Section 508's requirements with respect to EIT systems procured or deployed on or after June 21, 2001. Learn more at FAR Final Rule. The Section 508 requirements do not apply retroactively to pre-existing EIT. However, as agencies upgrade and change their electronic and information technology, they must comply with the standards. Specifically, the Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards: Economic Assessment states that:
"The standards are to be applied prospectively and do not require Federal agencies to retrofit existing electronic and information technology. As agencies upgrade and change their electronic and information technology, they must comply with the standards."
It should be noted, however, that Federal agencies have additional responsibilities under Section 501 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. These Sections require that agencies provide reasonable accommodation to employees with disabilities and provide program access to members of the public with disabilities and take other actions necessary to prevent discrimination on the basis of disability in their programs.

To Learn More
The HHS Office on Disability (OD) oversees the implementation of Section 508 at HHS. Visit this site to learn more about the OD's activities and leadership.
The HHS Section 508 Accessibility page is available to assist vendors with information on conforming to the standards.
The U.S. Access Board's Section 508 Homepage provides information on Section 508 law, frequently asked questions, and standards.
The GSA Section 508 site provides Section 508 tools, resources, standards, and news.
-
-

About CDC.gov

2009-06-07T01:26:00.000-07:00

CDC Home
About CDC.gov
CDC en Español
Search The CDC Search Button
CDC A-Z Index

Email this page
Printer-friendly version
Text Size:

Get Email Updates
Podcasts
RSS

ABOUT CDC.GOV
A-Z Index for all CDC Topics
Awards and Recognition
Site Map
WEB POLICIES
Linking to Us
Policies & Regulations
Disclaimer
Accessibility
What is the purpose of this Web site?
Who is this Web site designed for?
How can I link to CDC.gov?
Who manages this site?
How do I find facts, photos, etc. about CDC.gov?
How can I contact CDC.gov?
What are the technical requirements for this Web site?

What is the purpose of this Web site?
CDC.gov is CDC's primary online communication channel. From August 2007–July 2008, there were 489 million page views to the site, averaging 41 million page views per month. CDC.gov provides users with credible, reliable health information on:

Data and Statistics
Diseases and Conditions
Emergencies and Disasters
Environmental Health
Healthy Living
Injury, Violence and Safety
Life Stages and Populations
Travelers' Health
Workplace Safety and Health
And more…

Who is this Web site designed for?
CDC.gov provides health and safety information to:

Individuals interested in health issues
Public Health Professionals
Healthcare Providers
Researchers and Scientists
Partners
Policy Makers
Media
Businesses
Students and Educators

Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System

2009-06-07T01:21:00.000-07:00

Fact SheetChemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System (CCRIS)
Return to Web Version Printer-friendly Version
CCRIS is a toxicology data file of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET®). It is a scientifically evaluated and fully referenced data bank, developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). It contains over 9,000 chemical records with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, tumor promotion, and tumor inhibition test results. Data are derived from studies cited in primary journals, current awareness tools, NCI reports, and other special sources. Test results have been reviewed by experts in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
Web Access/Searching
CCRIS is accessible, free of charge, via TOXNET at: http://toxnet/nlm.nih.gov
Users can search by chemical or other name, chemical name fragment, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (RN), and/or subject terms. Search results can easily be viewed, printed or downloaded. Search results are displayed in relevancy ranked order. Users may select to display any combination of data from the following broad groupings:
(a) Carcinogenicity Studies
(b) Tumor Promotion Studies
(c) Mutagenicity Studies
(d) Tumor Inhibition Studies
Users can easily conduct their CCRIS search strategy against other databases: Hazardous Substances Data Bank®, Integrated Risk Information System, GENE-TOX, TOXLINE®, and ChemIDplus®.
Further Information
For detailed information about CCRIS or TOXNET, contact:
CCRIS RepresentativeSpecialized Information ServicesNational Library of MedicineTwo Democracy Plaza, Suite 5106707 Democracy Boulevard, MSC 5467Bethesda, MD 20892-5467Telephone (30l) 496-1131FAX: (301) 480-3537e-mail: tehip@teh.nlm.nih.govURL: http://sis.nlm.nih.govFor information on NLM services, contact:
National Library of MedicineCustomer Service8600 Rockville PikeBethesda, MD 20894Telephone: 1-888-FINDNLM (1-888-346-3656) or (301) 594-5983e-mail: custserv@nlm.nih.gov
A complete list of NLM Fact Sheets is available at:(alphabetical list) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/factsheets.html(subject list): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/factsubj.htmlOr write to:
FACT SHEETSOffice of Communications and Public LiaisonNational Library of Medicine8600 Rockville PikeBethesda, Maryland 20894
Phone: (301) 496-6308Fax: (301) 496-4450email: publicinfo@nlm.nih.gov

Chemical Equilibrium

2009-04-30T03:49:00.000-07:00

The JAVA applet below simulates the gaseous reaction
2 A —› B
in a closed container. Select the initial number of A molecules ( 80 ) or the initial number of B molecules (40 ) and the temperature (298 or 380 K or the value "Low"). Click the "Start" button to begin the simulation and the "Stop" button to end it. The A molecule is symbolically represented by a red ball. A blue ball depicts the B molecule. When the "On" button is clicked, plots of the number of A and the number of B molecules versus time are displayed along with the animation.
Use the applet to perform the following exercises and answer the questions.
Select 80 molecules of A and a temperature of "Low." Click the "Start" button and observe the animation for a couple minutes. Describe what you observed.
Select 80 molecules of A and a temperature of 298 K. Click the "On" button and observe the animation for three minutes. Record the value of Kc at three minutes. How did the number of A molecules and the number of B molecules change with time?
Select 40 molecules of B and a temperature of 298 K. Click the "On" button and observe the animation for three minutes. Record the value of Kc at three minutes. How are the plots of the number of A molecules and number of B molecules versus time in this exercise different from the plots in the previous (#2) exercise? In what way are the plots in the two exercises (#2 and #3 ) similar?
What evidence do you have to support the assertion that the equilibrium states in exercises #2 and #3 are effectively the same?
Select 80 molecules of A and a temperature of 380 K. Click the "On" button and observe the animation for three minutes. Record the value of Kc at three minutes. How does the equilibrium state at 380 K in this exercise differ from the equilibrium state at 298 K in exercise #2?
If you have preformed all of the experiments, answered all of the questions, and completed the report to be submitted for credit, then you may check the Answers to Chemical Equilibrium Questions

Easy-Bond - NEW Portable Static Grounding & Bonding Assembly!

2009-04-30T03:40:00.000-07:00

Easy-Bond - NEW Portable Static Grounding & Bonding Assembly!
Whenever it comes to mobile and portable monitored static grounding the Easy-Bond is the perfect choice (e.g. situations requiring temporary or emergency static grounding).

The Easy-Bond is used to connect the tank truck to a ground rod. When the system shows that is safe to start with the material transfer, the green LED will flash.

For further information please download our product information or simply contact us.
More Info?

DEGBPI-EBOND-09816.pdf
© 2008 Kersting Industrieausrüstungen GmbH
_uacct = "UA-3192651-1";
urchinTracker();

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

2009-04-30T03:32:00.000-07:00

Zahabiya Chemical Industries is an ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company, engaged in the manufacturing of adhesives, sealants, coatings and other related products since 1972. Zahabiya is proud to state that it is the pioneer in the manufacturing of such a wide range of chemical products in Pakistan, fulfilling the needs of its esteemed customers with quality, economy and satisfaction. We also take pride in declaring that we are Registered/Enlisted as the Permanent Manufactures/Suppliers to the Military Engineering Services, Pakistan Army throughout Pakistan, which bears testimony of our products and services ‘Quality & Reliability’.
This website gives you an insight about the wide range of products Zahabiya is manufacturing. The website has been designed to provide maximum possible information to our customers at their fingertips. For ease of browsing, the products have been categorized based on intended application or the relevant industrial sectors.
Mission Statement:
Zahabiya Chemical Industries has always endeavored to provide best products and services to our valued customers for their every need. Since requirements of each industry differ appreciably from every other, we realize this need and also provide tailor made products to our customers. With a well equipped R & D Lab, professional and skilled staff, we strive to give our customers nothing less than the best, incorporating the latest technologies and trends of the market, providing a customized solution to every problem of the related industry

Demonstrations, Experiments, and Projects

2009-04-30T03:30:00.000-07:00

if(z930>0){adunit('','',uy,ch,gs,930,48,'1','s',1)}
Demonstrations, Experiments, and Projects
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com Guide to Chemistry
Get ideas and help with science fair projects, chemistry demonstrations, experiments, laboratory exercises, and other activities.

CHEMICAL KINETICS

2009-04-30T03:20:00.000-07:00

CHEMICAL KINETICS

Chemical kinetics deals with the rates of reactions. In order for a reaction to occur, a collision must occur; the collision must be of sufficient energy to break the necessary bonds and be of proper orientation. This is the basis of reaction rates. Factors effecting reaction rates are concentration of the reacting species found in the rate law, temperature and the presence or absence of a catalyst.
This handout will discuss the determination of a rate law from experimental data and the effect of temperature on reaction rates.
A rate law of a reaction is a mathematical expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of either reactants or products. One may not look at an overall reaction, and determine the rate law. The rate law may be theoretically determined from the rate determining step (slow step) of the reaction mechanism. Many chemical reactions actually require a number of steps in order to break bonds and form new ones. These series of steps are called the reaction mechanism. Reaction mechanisms are not typically covered in introductory level courses. The rate law of a reaction must be proven experimentally by looking at either the appearance of products or disappearance of reactants.
Consider the following overall chemical reaction:
2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g)
Here is an example of a rate law for the above reaction:
Rate = k[NO]2[O2]
In this rate law, the rate of disappearance of NO and O2 is proportional to the concentrations of NO and O2, where k is a rate constant (a proportionality constant). The exponent associated with each concentration term are referred to as the partial order. The sum of the partial orders gives the overall order of the reaction. In the above rate law, the partial order for NO is 2 and is often referred to as 2nd order. The partial order for O2 is 1 and is often refereed to as 1st order. The overall order is 3 (3rd order). It is important to note that the coefficients found in the balanced equation are not related to the exponents found in the rate law.
Let's look at a set of experimental data from which the rate law may be deduced. In this case, we will consider examining the rate in terms of the disappearance of reactants.
Experimentally one compiles the reaction rates relative to initial concentrations of reactants:
To determine the rate law, begin by examining the experimental data. Pick two trials to compare in which the concentration of one reactant is doubled while the concentration of the other reactant is held constant. We will be determining the partial order for the reactant whose concentration has changed. By keeping the concentration of the other reactant constant, we insure that the rate will not be effected by that reactant.
Let's begin by choosing the results for Trial 1 and Trial 2. In these two trials the concentration of NO is held constant while the concentration of O2 has been doubled. To determine the partial order of O2, note that doubling the concentration of O2 also doubles the rate of the reaction. This may be mathematically expressed as:
For the equality to hold true, x must equal 1. This makes the partial order for O2 first order.
The same procedure is used to determine the partial order of NO. Pick two trials in which the concentration of O2 is held constant while the concentration of NO is varied. These criteria are met with Trial 1 and Trial 3. The concentration of O2 is held constant while the concentration of NO has tripled. Under these conditions, the rate of the reaction is increased nine fold. This may be expressed mathematically as:
For the equality to hold true, x must be 2. This makes the partial order for NO second order. We are now able to write the rate law: Rate = k[NO]2[O2], where k is the rate constant. To solve for the rate constant, choose any experimental trial, and substitute for the rate, and concentrations of NO and O2. Trial 1 data will be arbitrarily chosen in this case:
Thus the rate law becomes:
Rate = 1.2 x 10-5 M-2 s-1[NO]2[O2]
Another type of problem often encountered in kinetics involves the determination of the energy of activation for a chemical process. In order for a reaction to occur, a collision must take place. During this collision, existing bonds break and new bonds form. It takes energy to break bonds and energy is released when new bonds form. The collision must be of sufficient energy to break the necessary bonds. The energy source comes from the kinetic energy of the compound due to the velocity at which it is zipping around. Recall that the kinetic energy is temperature dependent. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving around, the greater the kinetic energy. This energy, as a function of kinetic energy and temperature is called the energy of activation. The collision must also be of proper orientation. This is related by the collision factor. The combination of these aspects the reaction are related to the rate of the reaction. Not all collisions are successful. These factors are related by a mathematical expression called the Arrhenius equation:
If one were to graph experimental data where log k is along the y-axis and 1/T is along the x-axis, a straight line would result. The slope of the line is Ea/2.303R, and the y-intercept corresponds to log A. By determining the slope of the line mathematically, one could calculate the energy of activation. Similarly, if one extrapolates the line to the y-intercept, one could calculate the collision factor.
Since the slope embodies the energy of activation, a simplified form the Arrhenius equation could be used to determine the energy of activation. One requires knowledge of the rate constants at two different temperatures. Recall that the slope of a line is determined by the change in y over the change in x ("rise" over "run"). With this in mind, one is able to generate the following equation:
Since the y-intercept, log A, is not part of the slope, it can be ignored. This equation may be used to solve the following problem:
A rate of reaction for a chemical process is investigated at two different temperatures. The rate of a reaction at 25 oC is 1.55 x 10-4 s-1. At 50 oC the rate of reaction is 3.88 x 10-4 s-1. Based on this data, what is the energy of activation for the chemical process expressed in J/mol?
To begin the problem, look at the units of the quantities given in the problem. The units for rate, s-1, will cancel. Since the energy of activation is to be expressed in J/mol, the logical choice of the gas constant, R, will be 8.314 J/mol K. This choice of R will dictate the units for temperature. Since the R constant has temperature units expressed in kelvin, K, the temperatures given in the problem must be converted in kelvin, as well. To convert from Celsius temperature units to kelvin units, add 273 to the Celsius temperature:
T1 = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K
T2 = 50 oC + 273 = 323 K
Substitute the rate constants and temperatures into the Arrhenius equation:
Solve for Ea. Remember to do the arithmetic inside the parenthesis first.
0.398 = (1.36 x 10-5 mol/J) Ea
Ea = 0.398/1.36 x 10-5 mol/J = 2.93 x 104 J/mol
© Copyright, 2001, L. Ladon. Permission is granted to use and duplicate these materials for non-profit educational use, under the following conditions: No changes or modifications will be made without written permission from the author. Copyright registration marks and author acknowledgement must be retained intact.

Chemical Kinetics - Reaction Rates

2009-04-30T03:18:00.000-07:00

Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry which addresses the question: "how fast do reactions go?" Chemistry can be thought of, at the simplest level, as the science that concerns itself with making new substances from other substances. Or, one could say, chemistry is taking molecules apart and putting the atoms and fragments back together to form new molecules. (OK, so once in a while one uses atoms or gets atoms, but that doesn't change the argument.) All of this is to say that chemical reactions are the core of chemistry.

If Chemistry is making new substances out of old substances (i.e., chemical reactions), then there are two basic questions that must be answered:

1. Does the reaction want to go? This is the subject of chemical thermodynamics.
2. If the reaction wants to go, how fast will it go? This is the subject of chemical kinetics.

Here are some examples. Consider the reaction,
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l).
We can calculate ΔrGo for this reaction from tables of free energies of formation (actually this one is just twice the free energy of formation of liquid water). We find that ΔrGo for this reaction is very large and negative, which means that the reaction wants to go very strongly. A more scientific way to say this would be to say that the equilibrium constant for this reaction is very very large.
However, we can mix hydrogen gas and oxygen gas together in a bulb or other container, even in their correct stoichiometric proportions, and they will stay there for centuries, perhaps even forever, without reacting. (If we drop in a catalyst - say a tiny piece of platinum - or introduce a spark, or even illuminate the mixture with sufficiently high frequency uv light, or compress and heat the mixture, the mixture will explode.) The problem is not that the reactants do not want to form the products, they do, but they cannot find a "pathway" to get from reactants to products .

Protons and Neutrons

2009-04-19T03:25:00.000-07:00

Protons and Neutrons
Protons are found in the nucleus of atoms. Each proton has a positive charge which is exactly equal to the negative charge of an electron. The number of positive protons found in an atom in an elemental state will always equal the number of negative electrons. Thus, atoms that are not reacting with other atoms have no net charge. The number of protons in an atom determines the atomic number of that atom. Each element contains atoms with the same atomic number. For example, all of the atoms of the element, hydrogen, contain 1 proton (and therefore 1 electron). The atomic number of hydrogen is, therefore,1. The element, carbon, contains 6 protons (and therefore 6 electrons arranged in two energy shells). Its atomic number is 6.
Neutrons are found in the nuclei of atoms. They have no charge. Since neutrons have the same mass as protons, adding neutrons to an atom will increase its mass. Neutrons add mass to an atom, but do not change its elemental nature because the elemental nature is determined by the atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). A hydrogen atom with 1 neutron and a hydrogen atom with 2 neutrons will still be atoms of hydrogen because they both still have only one proton. When two atoms of an element have differing numbers of neutrons, the atoms are isotopes of that element.

Isotopes
The atoms of an element can differ in mass from each other because they have differing numbers of neutrons. Those with more neutrons will weigh more and be more massive. The atomic mass (often referred to as atomic weight) of an element is calculated by adding together the number of protons and the number of neutrons.
The diagram shows three isotopes of hydrogen. These three atoms are all atoms of the same element because they each have one proton. Therefore they all have the same atomic number. They are isotopes of hydrogen because they have different masses. The mass of the hydrogen atom is 1, of the deuterium atom (a name for heavier hydrogen) is 2 and the mass of tritium is 3.
Carbon has three isotopes in nature. The most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Its atomic mass is 12. A much rarer isotope of carbon (<1%> isotope of the element. Radioactive isotopes have many practical uses, from dating fossils to treating diseases.

The Periodic Table of the Elements
The Periodic table of the elements is arranged to show many features of these elements. It begins with the element with the smallest atomic number, hydrogen (atomic number1), and continues across the rows with each successive element. The second element on the chart, reading across the row is helium (atomic number 2). Notice that the atomic number of each element is shown in the upper left corner of each square of the table. There is another number given for each element. That number gives the element's atomic weight or mass. It is shown as the average weight of the differing isotopes for each element and can be found in the upper right corners.
Of equal importance to the linear arrangement of the elements is the way they are arranged in rows. Hydrogen, lithium and sodium are all arranged in the same row. What do these elements have in common? So you can see that the elements in each row will fill their outer shells by gaining or loosing the same number of electrons. They will, therefore, have similar chemical proper.

Atomic Structure

2009-04-19T03:20:00.000-07:00

An element is a substance that cannot be divided into simpler substances by chemical means. Carbon, hydrogen, zinc, iron and chlorine are all examples of elements. The building blocks of elements are atoms. Atoms were defined as the smallest units of matter, but this is an old definition that has been replaced by modern investigation of subatomic particles and the interrelationship of matter and energy. . It is better to think of atoms as the units of elements. When an atom is broken down into its constituent parts it loses its elemental characteristics.
Atoms are composed of three basic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. Electrons have a negative charge and very little mass. They orbit around the nucleus of the atom in energy shells. Protons have a positive charge and neutrons have no charge. They are in the nucleus of atoms.

Energy Shells
Electrons can be found in regions around the nucleus of atoms known as energy shells. The energy shell nearest to the nucleus can hold up to 2 electrons. The second shell can hold 8 electrons as can the third shell. We will not concern ourselves with higher level shells. It is important to note that the closer to the nucleus an electron is the less energy it has. As a result, electrons in the first shell have less energy than those in the second shell and those in the third shell have more energy than electrons in either shell 1 or shell 2. You should remember the 2-8-8 rule for completing electron shells; it is vital for understanding chemistry. You also need to understand what we mean when we refer to the outer shell of an atom. The outer shell is the outermost shell that contains electrons. Atoms tend to fill their inner shells first. So, if an atom has 1 electron, its "outer shell" is shell #1. If an atom has 3 electrons, its outer shell is shell #2 because it will have 2 electrons in shell #1 and 1 electron in shell #2. What shell will be the outer shell of an atom with 10 electrons? If you said shell #2 you are correct. There will be 2 electrons in the first shell and 8 in the second. The outer shell will be the second shell. How many shells will an atom with 11 electrons have? There will be 2 electrons in shell #1, 8 in shell #2 and 1 is left for shell #3, so the outer shell will be shell #3.

Atoms have a tendency to fill their shells with electrons and they do so from the inside out. When an atom has its outer shell of electrons filled, it is stable and will not react readily with other atoms. It is the tendency to have completed shells of electrons that leads most atoms to react with other atoms and form ions, molecules and compounds. There are three ways that atoms can fill their outer energy shells with their stable number of electrons; they can gain electrons, lose electrons or share electrons. An atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion. Atoms will usually fill their shells in the easiest way possible. For example, an atom with 3 electrons will have 2 electrons in its first energy shell and one electron in the second shell (2-1). To saturate its shells with electrons it can either lose the single electron in the outer shell (i.e. become an electron donor) or gain 7 electrons to fill the shell (be an electron acceptor). It will lose the single electron and be stable because its outer energy shell now has 2 electrons.
To test your understanding of the arrangement of electrons in energy shells, answer the questions below. Decide upon your answers, then click on the blue boxes to check yourself.

Chemical Bonds

2009-04-19T03:09:00.000-07:00

Because of the tendency of atoms to complete their outer energy shells with the stable number of electrons for each shell, atoms with incomplete shells have a tendency to gain electrons, lose electrons or share electrons. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons become ions. Oppositely charged ions form ionic bonds. Atoms that share electrons form covalent bonds. A much weaker, but very important bond in biological systems is the hydrogen bond.

Ionic bonds
The following animation shows how ions of sodium and chlorine are formed. The outer shell of sodium contains one electron. If it can lose that electron it will have a stable outer shell with 8 electrons (2-8) and become an ion with a positive charge. The positive charge (+1) is due to the presence of 10 electrons and 11 protons in the sodium ion. Chlorine has 17 electrons in its outer shell and will be stable if it can gain an electron. The result will give chlorine 18 electrons (2-8-8) and convert the chlorine atom into an ion with a negative charge (18 electrons and 17 protons) called chloride. Play the animation to see how these two ions form. The moving red dot is an electron which moves from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom. Notice that at the end of the animation, the outer shell of each ion is now filled. Sodium now has 2 shells and chlorine has three.The oppositely charged ions in the animation will be attracted to each other and form an ionic bond. Ionic bonds are weak bonds. It does not take much energy to make them and they can be easily broken. When sodium (Na+) ions bond with chloride (Cl-) ions they form common table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl). © The biology project, used with permission.Covalent bonds
Atoms can fill their outer shells by sharing electrons. When they do this, they form covalent bonds. It takes much energy to make a covalent bond and much energy is released when they are broken. This makes covalent bonds very strong bonds.
In the animation, two hydrogen atoms share each other's electrons and form a molecule of hydrogen. The animation fails to show this, but the two electrons are actually zooming around both nuclei so fast that it is as if each hydrogen atom has 2 electrons in its outer shell. This sharing provides each atom with the required 2 electrons to fill its first shell. We can indicate this covalent bonding by writing H-H. The line connecting the two letters represents the bond. Sometimes each atom shares two electrons with its partner (a total of 4 electrons) and a double bond is formed. This is written C=C or O=O. Similarly, when each partner shares 3 of its electrons with the other, a triple bond forms.
Covalent bonds can be nonnpolar, or polar. Be sure to click here to learn the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds.
Hydrogen bonds
Polar molecules can be attracted to each other much as oppositely charged ions are. The attraction will, however, be much weaker since polarity results in only a partial charge. The weak attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen region of one polar covalent bond (usually the hydrogen is bonded to oxygen or nitrogen) and the negative region of another polar covalently bonded molecule is called a hydrogen bond. Water molecules have such polarity (see polar). The diagram shows how water molecules are linked together by hydrogen bonds. You can think of water molecules as tiny magnets with opposite poles, much like the poles of a magnet. Opposite poles attract each other. Water molecules are stuck to each other by this attracting force.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic bonds and much weaker than covalent bonds. Nevertheless, they are essential in biological systems. Many weak bonds working together can result in a very strong connection. The situation is similar to a strip of Velcro where many tiny and weak links form a remarkably stable attachment. Many of the characteristics of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are due to hydrogen bonding, as are very important properties of water.

Environmental effects of copper

2009-04-10T22:01:00.000-07:00

When copper ends up in soil it strongly attaches to organic matter and minerals. As a result it does not travel very far after release and it hardly ever enters groundwater. In surface water copper can travel great distances, either suspended on sludge particles or as free ions.
Copper does not break down in the environment and because of that it can accumulate in plants and animals when it is found in soils. On copper-rich soils only a limited number of plants has a chance of survival. That is why there is not much plant diversity near copper-disposing factories. Due to the effects upon plants copper is a serious threat to the productions of farmlands. Copper can seriously influence the proceedings of certain farmlands, depending upon the acidity of the soil and the presence of organic matter. Despite of this, copper-containing manures are still applied.
Copper can interrupt the activity in soils, as it negatively influences the activity of microrganisms and earthworms. The decomposition of organic matter may seriously slow down because of this.
When the soils of farmland are polluted with copper, animals will absorb concentrations that are damaging to their health. Mainly sheep suffer a great deal from copper poisoning, because the effects of copper are manifesting at fairly low concentrations

Chemical properties of copper - Health effects of copper - Environmental effects of copper

2009-04-10T21:48:00.000-07:00

Atomic number
29
Atomic mass
63.546 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling
1.9
Density
8.9 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point
1083 °C
Boiling point
2595 °C
Vanderwaals radius
0.128 nm
Ionic radius
0.096 nm (+1) ; 0.069 nm (+3)
Isotopes
6
Electronic shell
[ Ar ] 3d10 4s1
Energy of first ionisation
743.5 kJ.mol -1
Energy of second ionisation
1946 kJ.mol -1
Standard potential
+ 0.522 V ( Cu+/ Cu ) ; + 0.345 V (Cu2+/ Cu )
Discovered by
The ancientsCopper
Copper is a reddish metal with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. It reflects red and orange light and absorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band structure, so it as a nice reddish colour. It is malleable, ductile, and an extremely good conductor of both heat and electricity. It is softer than but harder than and can be polished to a bright finish. It is found in group Ib of the , together with silver and gold . Copper has low chemical reactivity. In moist air it slowly forms a greenish surface film called patina; this coating protects the metal from further attack.
Applications
Most copper is used for electrical equipment (60%); construction, such as roofing and plumbing (20%); industrial machineri, such as heat exchangers (15%) and alloys (5%). The main long established copper alloys are bronze, brass (a copper-zinc alloy), copper-tin-zinc, which was strong enough to make guns and cannons, and was known as gun metal, copper and nichel, known as cupronickel, which was the preferred metal for low-denomination coins.Copper is ideal for electrical wiring because it is easily worked, can be drawn into fine wire and has a high electrical conductivity.
Copper in the environment
Copper is a very common substance that occurs naturally in the environment and spreads through the environment through natural phenomena. Humans widely use copper. For instance it is applied in the industries and in agriculture. The production of copper has lifted over the last decades and due to this copper quantities in the environment have expanded.
The world's copper production is still rising. This basically means that more and more copper ends up in the environment. Rivers are depositing sludge on their banks that is contaminated with copper, due to the disposal of copper-containing wastewater. Copper enters the air, mainly through release during the combustion of fossil fuels. Copper in air will remain there for an eminent period of time, before it settles when it starts to rain. It will than end up mainly in soils. As a result soils may also contain large quantities of copper after copper from the air has settled.Copper can be released into the environment by both natural sources and human activities. Examples of natural sources are wind-blown dust, decaying vegetation, forest fires and sea spray. A few examples of human activities that contribute to copper release have already been named. Other examples are mining, metal production, wood production and phosphate fertilizer production.Because copper is released both naturally and through human activity it is very widespread in the environment. Copper is often found near mines, industrial settings, landfills and waste disposals.
Most copper compounds will settle and be bound to either water sediment or soil particles. Soluble copper compounds form the largest threat to human health. Usually water-soluble copper compounds occur in the environment after release through application in agriculture.
World production of copper amounts to 12 million tonnes a year and exploitable reserves are aroun 300 million tonnes, which are expected to last for only another 25 years. About 2 million tonnes a year are reclaimed by recycling. Today copper is mined as major deposists in Chile, Indonesia, USA, Australia and Canada, which together account for around 80% of the world's copper. The main ore is a yellow copper-iron sulfide called chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).

The chemical properties of copper

2009-04-10T21:42:00.000-07:00

CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - Atomic number: 29 - Atomic weight: 63.55 - Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s1 - Atomic radius (nm); 0.118 - 1st ionization potential (eV): 7.72 - Electrode Standard Potential (V): 0.158 (Cu++/Cu+) - " " " : 0.521 (Cu+/Cu) - Density (g/cc): 8.96 - Melting T (C): 1083
adparams.getadspec('c_billboard1');
var axel = Math.random() + "";
var num = axel * 1000000000000000000;
document.writeln('');
document.writeln('');
- Boiling T (C): 2595 - Oxidation number: +1 ; +2
PRESENCE IN NATURE AND PRODUCTION Its name derives from the Latin "Cuprum" that on its turn, derives from the Cyprus Island, where, during the Roman Empire, the largest part of Cu was extracted.
In nature, it forms about the 0.007% of the Earth crust and it can be found either as pure metal and combined: its main minerals are CUPRITE (CuO), MALACHITE, CuCO3*Cu(OH)2, CHALCOPYRITE (CuFeS2), CALCOSINE (Cu2S).
It can be obtained mainly from OXIDES and CARBONATES, by reduction at high T with COKE (C), but the most important process is from the SULFIDE Cu2S; the first 2/3 of it are turned by O2 in oxide, that is reduced to Cu by the remaining sulfide: 2 Cu2S + O2 -> 2Cu2O + 2SO2 2 Cu2O + Cu2S -> 6Cu + SO2 Then, Cu is purified by electrolysis for the largest part of its production.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOUNDS - Cu has a typical red colour and is very ductile. - It can be dissolved by an oxidant acid like HNO3: 3 Cu + 8 HNO3 -> 3 Cu(NO)3 + 2 NO + 4H2O and also by H2SO4, but more slowly These oxidation reactions are not due to the H+ ion that has a lower potential (0.0 V) than Cu; just for this, HCl can't attack it. - Cu has 2 oxidation numbers, forming 2 ions: (cuprous ion, Cu+) and II (cupric ion, Cu++) and the compounds of the first are less stable, tending to be oxidated to Cu++ also by O2 of the air.
Cu+ - Cu2O: it's a yellow-red powder, produced reducing Cu++ salts in alkaline solutions with glucose, arsenious acid and so on. - Cu+ solutions, like those of CuCl, tend to give a disproportion reaction: 2Cu+ -> Cu + Cu++ and to stabilize them it's necessary to form COMPLEX SALTS with halides(F-, Cl-, Br-,I-), NH3, CN-, and organic compounds - Cu+ can be also stabilized precipitating it as insoluble salt: 2 Cu++ + 2 I- -> I2 + 2 CuI CuI precipitates together I2 that can be easily separated
Cu++ - CuSO4*5H2O: it's the most important soluble salt of Cu and is dark blue at the solid state, due to the presence of water molecules in its crystals, directly bound with Cu++ ion. If heated over 200 C, it loses all its water becoming WHITE. Industrially, it's prepared dissolving Cu in hot H2SO4 diluted solution in presence of an air current, to provide oxidizing conditions; 2 Cu + O2 + 2 H2SO4 -> 2 CuSO4 + 2 H2O
- CuO: it's a black powder produced heating Cu powder, Cu(NO3)2 or CuCO3 in the air. It can be obtained also by the HYDROXIDE Cu(OH)2, blue that, just precipitated with OH-, decomposes to CuO. - Cu can form many complex salts with molecules and ions with an available electrons couple to put in the empty 4p orbitals of Cu++; CuCl3- ; CuCl4- ; Cu(NH3)4++
USES - Cu is mainly used very pure to produce the conductor wires for electricity, electronic components, coins, valves and parts of pumps and engines. After Fe and Al, it is the most important metal for technology. Half of the Cu is used in alloys like BRONZES (Cu > 70%; Sn < 30%) ALUMINIUM BRONZES (Cu 80-95%; Al 5-15%) and BRASS (Cu 65-85%; Zn 15-35%).
- CuSO4*5H20 is used in agriculture against fungi and in industrial electrolysis to purify Cu and in galvanoplating to deposit Cu on metallic objects

WELCOME TO CHEMICAL ENGINEEREING

2009-04-08T04:27:00.000-07:00

has been awarded the National Science Foundation's prestigious 2008 CAREER award for junior faculty. Prof. Jiang joined our department as an assistant professor in August 2006. He obtained his Ph.D. in materials chemistry at Rice University and was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Princeton University. His current research interests include self-assembled photonic crystals, surface-plasmon-enabled nanooptical devices and biosensors, ultra-high-density magnetic recording media, semiconducting polymer devices, and biomimetic antireflection coatings for efficient photovoltaics and ..

Understanding Chemistry

2009-04-08T04:23:00.000-07:00

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MENU

Basic ideas about oxidation and reduction . . .

Covers oxidation states (oxidation numbers), definitions of oxidation and reduction, and how you work out equations for redox reactions.

Some chemistry of the Period 3 elements . . .

Covers the elements sodium to argon in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Includes trends in atomic and physical properties of the elements, some selected reactions of the elements, and some properties of their oxides, chlorides and hydroxides as required by UK A level syllabuses.

Some chemistry of the Group 1 elements . . .

Covers the elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs). Includes trends in atomic and physical properties, trends in reactivity, properties of some compounds, and the use of flame tests.

Some chemistry of the Group 2 elements . . .

Covers the elements beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba). Includes trends in atomic and physical properties, trends in reactivity, the solubility patterns in the hydroxides and sulphates, trends in the thermal decomposition of the nitrates and carbonates, and some of the atypical properties of beryllium.

Some chemistry of the Group 4 elements . . .

Covers the limited amount of Group 4 chemistry (carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead) required by UK A level syllabuses. In particular, it covers the trend from non-metal to metal as you go down the group, and the increasing tendency towards an oxidation state of +2. Also a certain amount of chemistry of the chlorides and oxides.

Some chemistry of the Group 7 elements (the halogens) . . .

Covers the elements fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I). Includes trends in atomic and physical properties, the redox properties of the halogens and their ions, the acidity of the hydrogen halides, and the tests for the halide ions.

Some essential complex ion chemistry . . .

An introduction to the complex ions formed by transition and other metals. Includes bonding, shapes and names, and a simple look at the origin of colour. Looks in detail at various ligand exchange reactions and the chemistry of common hexaaqua ions.

Some essential transition metal chemistry . . .

A summary of the general features of transition metals together with most of the reactions required for UK A' level syllabuses.

Extraction of metals . . .

Covers the extraction and uses of aluminium, copper, iron and titanium.

Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry

2009-04-08T04:11:00.000-07:00

Aim and Scope of the Journal
The Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry (HJIC) provides an international forum for the presentation of original research, interpretative reviews and papers of new developments. The HJIC is a quarterly periodical and each yearly volume contains about 360 pages.

The HJIC deals with the result of applied and fundamental research in the field of unit operations, chemical processes, chemical and biochemical engineering, waste minimization, environmental protection and pollution control in processing techniques, in the form of original articles written in English.

The published papers are abstracted in Chemical Abstracts, Columbus, USA

Q & M

2009-04-02T08:38:00.000-07:00

CHEMICAL OF GOLD
PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AVM CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES management being sensitive to changing customer requirement is very dynamic, flexible and open to new ideas. Customers deal directly with senior management personnel who ensure quality response in terms of products ad service.
The company has a team of highly qualified and skilled professionals who are committed to excellence in terms of product quality.
AVM CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, functioning with Product Quality Management by technical support and liaison services to its customers for product qualification
ACCOLADES AND REWARD
By the specific system AVM CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES working with complete turn key system management, by the documentation, implementation, internal audit and certification with the system of International Standard Organization, ISO 9001-2000.

Chemical Equipmen & Services

2009-03-26T05:32:00.000-07:00

This is a directory of chemical equipment & service companies.To retrieve company profile and a link to company Web site type in the query box any word(s) describing the area of expertise you are looking for (e.g., Processing Machinery):

Fertilizers by Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited

2009-03-25T05:57:00.000-07:00

A specific product line that focuses on balanced crop nutrition and higher yield for the farmer

Fertilizers By Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited

Nitrogenous Fertilizers

ENGRO UREA is a trusted high grade fertilizer containing 46% Nitrogen (N), with moderate hydroscopicity. It has a pH value of 6.8 (organic molecule) and is suitable for all crops on all soils. Engro Urea is an excellent source of Nitrogen for the vast majority of cultivated soils of Pakistan.

Phosphatic Fertilizers

Engro DAP: contains 46% P2O5 and 18% N. More than 90% of Phosphate (P) is water soluble. It has a pH value of 7.33 and is a good source of P fertilizer for all crops. It is an equally good source on problem soils (saline sodic) with coarse texture. On an overall basis it suits to about 90% soils of the country.

Engro Zorawar: is one of the highest grade phosphatic fertilizers. It is acidic in reaction (pH >= 3.5) and contains 52% P2O5 of which more than 90% is water soluble, while the rest is citrate soluble. In addition to P, it contains 12% N, 2% sulphur and 1% calcium. It is a beneficial fertilizer for all crops on all soils of Pakistan and produces excellent results on alkaline soils, due to its acidic

The acidic pH of Engro Zorawar also tends to slow down the rapid conversion of soluble P to water insoluble compounds, keeping it plant available for a longer period of time.

Engro Phosphate: is brown colored mono ammonium phosphate with 11% nitrogen and 52% phosphorus. It is being marketed as relatively cheaper alternate of DAP.

Blended Fertilizers

Engro Zarkhez: is homogenously granulated fertilizer which maximizes crop yield by providing balanced nutrition for a wide variety of crops through the uniform availability of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium. Engro Zarkhez grades are specially produced to suit the requirements of individual crops and soils, and provide convenience to the farmer through ready availability of precise quantities of primary nutrients.

Engro Zarkhez fertilizers have low moisture content, high crush strength; 2mm-4mm granule size and free flowing nature - attributes which ensure excellent handling and application characteristics.

Green	08:23:18	Potato, Maize, Sugarcane, Wheat, Cotton, Rice and Vegetables
Blue	17:17:17	Citrus, Mango, Banana and Other Fruits
Tobacco	12:15:20	Tobacco

Engro NP: it provides 22% nitrogen, and 20% phosphorus. ECPL entered into NP business in 2005 to cater the need of its customers for this established category. Primary focus area for ENP marketing is South Zone (Sind).

Micro Nutrients

Zingro: Zinc Sulphate, a highly effective and potent fertilizer which primarily targets Zinc deficiency in crops like Rice, Potato, Maize, Sugar cane, Wheat, Cotton, vegetables and fruits

* Polymers And Petrochemicals

2009-03-25T04:42:00.000-07:00

Polymers And Petrochemicals
Plastic, Rubber And Fiber Product Line
Plastic Resins Product Line
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
High Molecular Weight High Density Polyethylene (HMHDPE)
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET Bottle Yarn Grade)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC Emulsion, MSP and Suspension)
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
General Purpose Polstyrene (GPPS)
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
Engineering Resins
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Epoxy Resins
Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) – Thermoplastic Elastomers
Nylon (6, 6/6, 12)
Rubber Products
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Isoprene Rubber (IR)
Butyl Rubber (BR)
Latex
Ribbed smoked sheets
Standard rubber 5, 10, 20
Fibers
Polyester
Acrylonitrile
Nylon
Viscose
Wire And Cable Compounds
Chemicals And Petrochemicals In Bulk And Drum
Bulk Chemicals
Chemical Gases
Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM)
Alcohols
Methanol (MEOH)
Ethanol
Fibre Intermediates
Terephthalic Acid (PTA)
Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT)
Monoethylene Glycol (MEG)
Diethylene Glycol (DEG)
Acrylonitrile (ACN)
Aromatics
Mixed – Xylenes (MX)
Para-Xylene (PX)
Ortho-Xylene (OX)
Styrene
Chlorinated Solvents
Carbon Tetrachloride (CTC)
Methylene Chloride
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Solvents
Iso Propyl Alcohol (IPA)
Phenol
Chloralkali Chemicals
Caustic Soda (NAOH)
Oxo-Alcohols
2-Ethyl Hexanol (2eh)
Normal Butyl Alcohol (NBA)
Iso Butyl Alcohol (IBA)
Plasticizers
Di Octyl Phthalate (DOP)
Di Isodecyl Phthalate (DIDP)
Di Isononyl Phthalate (DINP)
Anhydrides
Phthalic Anhydride (PA)
Maleic Anhydride (MA)
2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylte (2EHA)
Detergent Chemicals
Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB)
N – Paraffin
Others
Acetic Acid (AA)
Isocyanates (TDI/MDI)
Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM)
Cyclohexanone
Specialty Product
Citric Acid
Formic Acid
Glycerine
Naphthalene (Crude And Refined)
Drum Chemicals
Auxiliaries, Additives And Accelerator
Rangolite
Sodium Hexametaphosphate
Sodium Hydrosulphite
Sodium Sulphate, Anhydrous
Sodium Sulphide, Solid Fused And Flakes
Hydrogen Peroxide
Organic Chemicals
Acetic Acid, Glacial
Butyl Acetate
Calcium Carbide
Citric Acid Bp 80/88/93
Cyclohexanone
Ethyl Acetate
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Glycerine
Melamine
Methanol
Oxalic Acid
Pentaerythritol
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 17-99
Sodium Benzoate
Sodium Formate
Sorbic Acid
Stearic Acid
Sulphur
Toluene
Inorganic Chemicals
Aluminium Sulphate
Ammonuin Bicarbonate, Food Grade
Ammonium Chloride Technical Grade
Boric Acid
Chromic Acid, Flakes
Phosphoric Acid
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Carbonate Light/Dense (Soda Ash)
Sodium Metabisulfite
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Sulphide, Anhydrous
Sodium Tripolyphosphate
Trisodium Phosphate
Zinc Sulphate, Monohydrate
Zinc Oxide 99%, 99.5%
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

Mercedes-Benz 2

2009-03-23T09:42:00.000-07:00

This year Mercedes will be presented with a new model Mercedes-Benz F 700. Only 2 words can be used to describe it: dazzling and dizzying. It is a prototype of a future S-class Sedan. As to main characteristics and peculiarities of this car:

it embodies low consumption and friendliness to the surroundings;
4-cylinder car; gets a V-6 power experimental engine, that unites turbo charging and diesel compression. This engine is much spoken about, because it is a hybrid of Diesotto (combination of two words diesel and surname of the inventor Otto) and standard Mercedes engine. The emissions from such engine will be minimal;
has a gas engine;
1.8 l engine;
can speed up to 60 mph only in 7.5 seconds;
top speed is nearly 120 mph;
consumes 5.3 L pf fuel per 100 km;
presents a new engine producing technology Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI

Mercedes-Benz

2009-03-23T09:38:00.000-07:00

Frankfurt Auto Show is a very important car event of the year. It draws millions of visitors and can be named a performance of the year. Each manufacturer is thoroughly preparing to the following show and chooses which car to expose. Mercedes cars are one of the best cars. They are a perfect combination of quality, reliability, ideal look and price. They are not as expensive and authoritative as Ferraris are, but, nevertheless, they are still worth paying our attention to.

2009-03-23T09:24:00.000-07:00

15 BMW
$19,617 million
2005 Rank/Value16 / $17,126 million
15% change from 2005
Based in Germany
BMW continues to churn out hot models that buyers love to drive and Japanese automakers can't seem to replicate.
Photo by Bloomberg News

Audi Tt _2 new style

2009-03-10T04:46:00.000-07:00

Audi Tt

2009-03-10T04:31:00.000-07:00

2009-03-07T22:05:00.000-08:00

Detailed Electric Pocket Bike Description Specifications:
a) Motor power: 150W
b) Battery capacity: 24V,7Ah
c) Speed: 20km / h
d) Driving system: chain
e) Range: 15km
f) Wheel diameter: 8"
Outer packing:
Carton dimensions: 98 x 32 x 52cm
N. W.: 33kg
G. W.: 36kg
Conveyance:
Qty / 20' FCL: 170pcs
Qty40' HQ: 418pcs
If you would like more information about Electric Pocket Bike, please contact us or visit our website for more details.
Contact information: Inquire
Address:
77 Jinshan West Road, Yongkang City, Hardware Science and Technology Industrial Park, Zhejiang Province. China
Company Name:
Yongkang Bosslong Vehicle Co., Ltd.
Contact Person:
Li Zhe
Fax:
86-579-7230595
Mobile Phone:
86-13906790878
Telephone:
86-579-7228139, 7230595
Website:
http://www.cnbosslong.com
Zip:
321300

Pocket bike

2009-03-07T21:53:00.000-08:00

Detailed Pocket Bike Description Specifications:
a) Dimensions: 1100 x 600 x 620mm
b) Motor power: 500W
c) Max speed: 29km / h
d) Loading capacity: 70kg
e) Net weight: 39kg
f) Battery: 24V - 34Ah
g) Front Tire: 13 x 5.00 - 6
h) Rear tire: 13 x 6.50 - 6

2009-02-08T06:52:00.000-08:00

Askar

2009-02-08T06:44:00.000-08:00

2009-02-08T06:42:00.001-08:00

Welcome to a new dawn for Noble Automotive, the launch of the all mew M15.
This machine represents a whole new philosophy and takes the core values of dynamic excellence, lightweight engineering, value-for-money and blistering performance to a whole new level of comfort, refinement and everyday usability. There's even room for luggage!
At a cost of £74,950 the M15 sits well above the other cars in the Noble range. With 455 bhp and 455lb ft of torque, it's also the most powerful production car to leave the Leicestershire factory, capable of hitting 60 mph from standstill in less than 3.5 seconds and a maximum speed of 185 mph. It is, therefore, a credible and more exclusive alternative to other supercars costing well in excess of £100,000.
Despite its destructive power, the M15 remains one of the least intimidating supercars on the markets thanks to prodigious levels of grip and a forgiving chassis. After all, it's still a Noble, but it's the most spectacular machine to emerge from Barwell and may prove the definitive British supercar.
Welcome to M15, the ultimate expression of British intelligence

New vitz

2009-02-06T09:50:00.000-08:00

Honda fit sports 05

2009-02-06T09:47:00.000-08:00

INFINITY

2009-02-06T09:33:00.000-08:00

2009-02-06T09:25:00.000-08:00

2009-02-05T19:24:00.000-08:00

Suzuki GPbike

BMW F650CS

2009-02-05T19:21:00.000-08:00

BMW F650CS

Aprilia RSV

2009-02-05T19:17:00.000-08:00

Aprilia
RSV

2009-02-05T19:16:00.000-08:00

SCOOTERS FROM CHINA

2009-02-05T11:17:00.000-08:00

Contract Manufacturing and Sourcing
In partnership with MCTC, InTekOneTrade, a network with many factory owners representing a myriad of industries in China. While not every project is right for China, if it does make sense, MCTC can help. We have a full engineering staff and can utilize the in-house engineering staff of its contract manufacturing facilities.
Current and past projects include (but not all) furniture, consumer electronics, hardware, display fixtures, castings, various metal working, plastics, mold making, lighting, construction products, and many others. These products have been either sourced from existing Chinese production or manufactured with our clients' proprietary designs.

Honda CBR125R

2009-02-03T10:16:00.001-08:00

Honda CBR125R

The first appeared on the market in 2004 and has remained unchanged since until 2007. It is manufactured in Thailand along side the CBR150R, the latter for the Far East market

2009-02-03T10:11:00.001-08:00

2009-02-03T10:08:00.001-08:00

2009 Audi A4 Special Edition Wheel Packages

2009-02-03T10:02:00.000-08:00

Here's an opportunity to add a personal touch to your 2009 Audi A4. We now offer two stylish Special Edition 18-inch alloy wheel packages. Choose between the refined luxury of the fifteen-spoke design and the clean, bold appearance of the five-arm rotor wheel. Not only do they look beautiful, they're specially priced at $1,995 MSRP for a set of four wheels and tires.

stylish

2009-02-02T19:01:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T08:07:00.001-08:00

The redesigned, fourth-generation C-Class sedan is all-new for 2008. Edgier and larger than its predecessor, the new C-Class is nearly four inches longer and two inches wider, with a wheelbase lengthened nearly two inches. Engines are carryovers, but a new all-wheel-drive system will be available with an automatic transmission in the C300 Sport and C300 Luxury trims. Prices for a 2008 C-Class start at just over $31,000.

2009-02-02T08:05:00.000-08:00

Unlike many of its rivals, the TL has a front-wheel-drive layout. Though hard-core enthusiasts may bemoan the lack of rear-wheel drive, the TL provides much luxury and space for its sticker price. The front-wheel-drive chassis provides for a roomy interior, which is fitted with a host of comfort and convenience features. In addition to lots of standard equipment, "the agile TL is fun to drive, especially in Type-S form," said MSN Autos reviewer Dan Jedlicka.

2009-02-02T08:04:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T08:01:00.000-08:00

The Infiniti G midsize luxury car is available as a sedan or coupe (G37). Beyond the extra doors, the G35 sedan is four inches longer and more than two inches taller than the coupe. The sportier-looking G37 is wider, however, and comes standard with 18-inch wheels and a 330-horsepower 3.7-liter V6 engine — 24 more horses than the sedan. According to Consumer Reports, the G35 is their top-rated upscale sedan, with an overall score of 92.

Luxury Cars — Facts

2009-02-02T07:50:00.000-08:00

Evoking style and sophistication, luxury cars are often the flagship vehicles of an automaker's model line. Priced above $34,000, luxury cars represent an ideal of comfort, security, prestige and elegance.

2009-02-02T07:37:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T07:16:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T07:08:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T07:05:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T07:02:00.000-08:00

2009-02-02T07:01:00.000-08:00

audi a4

2009-02-02T06:49:00.000-08:00